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INTRODUCTION SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 SECTION 5 APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAFY Download doc format HOME

A.1. THE PRESENT WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER A.1.1 The debt problem As summarised by the SEDOS working group (Missionary Religious Congregations, Rome) The problem really began in the 1970's when the OPEC (Oil Producing Eastern Countries) raised the price of oil by over 400% in a very short space of time. A lot of money suddenly came into circulation and the oil producing nations wished to invest this money in European and American banks in order to gain interest on it. This large inflow of money on to the European and American scene could have triggered hyper inflation if the banks did not dispose of it quickly. Africa and Latin America offered the most attractive possibilities as regards investing this money. Hence, billions of dollars were poured into the "underdeveloped" nations, at 6% interest rate. Unfortunately, a lot of this money went straight into the hands of dictatorial governments and instead of being invested in the country, was immediately sent back into European and American Banks so that it would create interest for these dictators. Some of the money was spent on grandiose projects that did little to benefit the receiving countries. However, the day of reckoning came and these countries had to pay back the money that was supposed to have been invested in them. By this time, the interest on the money had risen to 23% and above. Many countries found that their GNP output could not even cover the interest repayments, so the banks, and other lending institutions, called in the IMF (International Monetary Fund) to regulate the economies of these defaulter countries so that their economies would now be geared towards paying back the interest repayments. Money that should have been going into education, health, agriculture, etc., was going towards re paying the debt. This has created a catastrophic situation in many countries. Many have taken to the violence of the gun in order to try and get some power back into their lives. The debt problem has become a great noose around developing countries' necks. It affects us as missionaries because most of our Congregations are involved in medical, educational and social works in these countries. Our work is going nowhere unless we somehow tackle this problem of the debt, and other consequent corruption, at local and international levels. John Skinnader, CSSp A.1.2 What is the world bank? Created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1994, the WB is comprised of five agencies that make loans or guarantee credit to its 177 member countries. The WB manages a loan portfolio totalling US$140 billion and in 1995 loaned a record US$20.8 billion to 100 countries. What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)? Also created at the Bretton Woods Conference, the International Monetary Fund supplies member states with money to overcome short-term balance-of-payments difficulties, usually tied to implementation of severe structural adjustment programmes (SAPs). A.1.3 What is the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP)? SAP is an economic reform programme based upon neo liberal principles of free market and privatisation, designed to stabilise an imbalance economy and restructure its orientation and operation. Under the guidance of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, a country undergoing SAP must implement specific reform policies and meet specific targets if it is to receive approval for further loans and grants. " Stabilisation of the economy through short term monetary and budget arrangements that aim to calm things down by curbing inflation rates and curtailing enormous budget deficits. A. Monetary: 1. Devalue currency (encourage exports, discourage imports) 2. Increase interest rates (encourage savings) 3. Curtail interest rates (slow down inflation) B. Budget: 4. Cut services (trim budget, impose fees in health, education sectors) 5. Retrench workers (increase efficiencies) 6. Privatise state companies (promote productivity) " Restructuring the economy through long term market and trade arrangements that aim to make the economy more efficient through market operations, privatisation and liberalisation. C. Market: 7. Decontrol prices (effect market forces) 8. Restrain wages (prevent wage spiralling) 9. Remove subsidies (save money spent on consumption) D. Trade: 10. Eliminate trade barriers (introduce competition) 11. Promote export orientation (earn foreign exchange) 12. Invite outside investment (promote diversification and competition) Peter Henriot, SJ, Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection, PO Box 37774, Lusaka, Zambia 16/09/1996 A.1.4 Sub Saharan Africa's debt profile (US$ mn) 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 total debt 84,049 190,260 194,799 192, 781 197,886 212,416 223,298 debt/ exports % 90.9 225.7 239.4 235.6 251.9 265.7 269.8 Terms used in describing debt situation " Commercial debt: owed to private banks, such as Barclays, Chase Manhattan " Bilateral debt: owed to donor governments, such as Zambia owing to United Kingdom " Multilateral debt: owed to international financial institutions (IFIs), such as World Bank, International Monetary Fund, African Development Bank " London Club: organisation among commercial banks " Paris Club: organisation among major donor countries " Washington Club: IMF and World Bank " Commercial lending: standard bank rates " Concessional lending: low interest rates with long pay back period " G 7: major industrialised countries of U.S, U.K, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, Italy " G 77: group of 120 plus developing countries " G 24: group within G 77 " HIPC: heavily indebted poor countries " SILIC: severely indebted low income countries, with debt stock to export ratios of over 200% (28 of the 36 are African) " Conditionally: conditions set as targets to be met to assure continuance of loans " (E)SAP: (Economic) Structural Adjustment Programme Peter Henriot, SJ, Jesuit Centre for Theological Reflection, PO Box 37774, Lusaka, Zambia 16/09/1996 A.1.5 Debt relief (1996) In late June, the leaders of the Group of 7 industrialised countries, - the U.S., UK, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Canada - approved the objective of comprehensive debt relief for poor countries with unsustainable debt burdens, including reduction of debts owed to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We are encouraged that the major creditor nations, along with the World Bank and the IMF, agree on the need for a solution to the debt burden of the most heavily indebted poor countries. We are concerned, however, that little progress has been made on these central issues which emerge from the proposals being developed by the World Bank and the IMF. Timing The countries with the most severe debt burdens need relief immediately, not three to six years from now as the proposal states. U.S. officials acknowledge that the three to six - year requirement for eligible countries to begin Structural Adjustment Programs is too long, and they appear to have some support from other member countries. But they have not yet proposed an alternative. A related issue is the sequence of multilateral and bilateral debt relief. Originally, the World Bank and IMF were going to offer multilateral debt reduction only after six years and only after the country had already received the maximum debt reduction from its bilateral creditors. The U.S., along with the financial institutions should provide debt relief concurrently with bilateral creditors. This issue has not been resolved. Financial Co-responsibility We believe that the major bilateral and multilateral creditors, which include individual governments as well as the World Bank, IMF and regional development banks, should share the cost of debt reduction. The U.S. and other creditor nations in the Paris Club of donors currently provide some bilateral debt reduction to eligible countries. At the G-7 meeting, the participants called on all members of the Paris Club to provide more debt reduction to the most heavily indebted poor countries, but they did not discuss how they would do so. The World Bank says it will contribute $ 500 million for the first year, more in later years. We are encouraged by their offer. If it can get the approval of $ 85% of its members, the IMF will sell 5% of its gold stock, invest the proceeds, about $ 2 billion, and use the income to replenish an existing loan fund for the poorest countries (called ESAF - the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility) We favour the sale of gold, and we strongly believe that the IMF should contribute grants for debt reduction, not new loans. Though the IMF says that a new ESAF would help indebted countries refinance their debts over a longer period and lower interest rates, the indebted countries need the deep reduction that could come only from outright grants. Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Finland are among the principal donor countries opposing gold sales; most of the other G-7 members are working to convince them to go along. Conditions We believe that conditions attached to debt relief should not hurt the poor but should instead be linked to poverty reduction . We understand there may be some movement on this issue. Eligibility We believe that creditors should expand eligibility for debt relief to more of the 41 highly indebted poor countries than the 8-20 currently proposed. The list of countries eligible for debt relief is based on assumptions made by the World Bank and the IMF regarding future growth and the ability to repay outstanding debts. At a minimum, the World Bank and the IMF should be prepared to cancel the unsustainable debt burdens because of changed external circumstances. We understand that there may be some movement on this issue as well. A.1.6 Jubilee 2000: Charter (Ann Pettifor, U.K.) 1. To liberate the poorest nations from the burden of the backlog of unpayable debt owed by their governments to other governments, to international financial institutions or to commercial banks. 2. To achieve such liberation, and a return to sustainable development, through the unrepeatable one-off remission of unpayable debts of the poorest countries by the year 2000. 3. To provide a focus and catalyst for harmonising and mobilising international co-operation, support and actions to promote and achieve this Charter's aim. 4. To promote an understanding among creditor nations that responsibility for high levels of indebtedness rests with creditors as well as debtors. 5. To correct the perverse operation of the international financial system the poorest countries are transferring scarce resources to rich countries and institutions in surplus. 6. To promote economic and social justice and fundamental Human Rights. 7. To promote economic self-determination 8. To promote the maintenance of international peace and security; help remove causes of conflict and movement of population. 9. To regain resources that have been diverted corruptly. A.1.7 First United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty The UN General Assembly decided (1996) that the theme for the first United Nations Decade for the Eradication of Poverty shall be, "Eradicating poverty is an ethical, social, political and economic imperative of humankind.". The ASSEMBLY: Ï Recommends that the causes of poverty be addressed in contexts such as environment, food security, population, migration, health, shelter, human resources, development, fresh water, including clean water and sanitation, rural development and productive employment, and by addressing the specific needs of vulnerable groups, all of which should aim at the social and economic integration of people living in poverty. Ï Decides that the themes for 1997 and 1998 shall be 'Poverty, environment and development' and 'Poverty, human rights and development' respectively; the themes for the remaining years of the Decade will be decided every two years, commencing in 1998, at the fifty-third session of the General Assembly. Ï Reaffirms also the agreement on a mutual commitment between interested developed and developing country partners to allocate, on average, 20 per cent of official development assistance and 20 per cent of the national budget, respectively, to basic social programmes, and notes with interest the consensus reached at Oslo on 25 April 1996 on this matter. Ï Urges the international community to reduce, as appropriate, excessive military expenditures on and investments in arms production and acquisition, consistent with national security requirements, in order to increase resources for social and economic development, in particular, to poverty eradication programmes in developing countries, particularly African countries and the least developed countries. A.1.8 Model of a pro forma letter for the World Bank and IMF The following model is a letter campaigning to cancel the Debt: Mr. Wolfensohn, President, The World Bank HQ 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433 USA Mr. Michel Camdessus, IMF Managing Director 70019th Street, N.W. Room 12 510 Washington, DC 20431 USA Dear … We are a group of Religious/Missionary Congregations who are deeply concerned about the debt problem which continues to be a noose around the necks of developing countries. The debt burden costs lives, as vital resources are drained from basic services to pay overseas debts. In a country like Uganda, which is making tremendous efforts to get back on its feet again after years of civil strife, the spending on health is about $2.5 per capita compared with US$30 per capita on debt payments. We had hoped that the Spring Meeting of the World Bank and IMF would have followed up the World Bank acknowledgement that a number of low income countries had serious, unsustainable debt problems. The statement from the bank called for a concerted and comprehensive approach to deal with the debt of the poorest countries. However, as you well know, the proposals put forward by the World Bank were not accepted at the meeting. Instead the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) was strengthened which effectively means that debts are recycled over a longer period of time only adding to the woes of the debtor countries. We demand that the Multilateral Debt Facility, already put forward by different NGO's, be implemented and that the debt burden of the poorest countries be substantially or totally reduced by the sale of IMF gold reserves, by the World Bank reserves and by the net income from interest re payments. Only by doing this can we see any hope for developing countries to truly develop. Sincerely yours, A.2. ECOLOGY - INTEGRITY OF CREATION A.2.1 The greenhouse effect The Good effect "The greenhouse effect, when functioning normally, keeps our planet warm. Natural gases in the atmosphere form a blanket which allows sunlight to reach the earth's surface, but prevents heat from escaping (much like the glass in a glass-house). This gas blanket traps heat close to the surface, and warms the atmosphere." The Damaging effect The Greenhouse gases: " Carbon dioxide (CO2): responsible for about 71% of the greenhouse effect. Every year, people add at least 6 billion tons of it to the atmosphere. Main sources of CO2: Burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas, destruction of forests - which release CO2 when they are burned or cut down. " Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): not only responsible for 21% of the global warming, but also destroy the earth's ozone layer. " Methane: 9% of the greenhouse effect. Produced by cattle, rice fields and landfills. " Nitrous Oxide: responsible for 3% of the greenhouse gases: formed by microbes, breaking down chemical fertilisers and by burning wood and fossil fuels. " Carbon monoxide, CFCs and other gases: come from ground-based pollution caused by motor vehicles, power plants, oil refineries. Ozone depletion What are CFCs? "CFCs have many uses because they are relatively non-toxic, non-flammable, and do not decompose (easily) ... Because they are so stable, they will last for up to 150 years. The CFC gases rise slowly to about 25 miles where the tremendous force of the sun's ultraviolet radiation shatters the CFC, freeing the chemical element chlorine. Once freed, a single atom of chlorine destroys about 100,000 molecules of ozone before settling to the Earth's surface years later. Three percent, and perhaps up to five percent, of the global ozone layer has already been destroyed by CFCs" A.2.2 Hazardous waste Waste not... Advanced nations manufacture some 70,000 different chemicals, most of which have not been thoroughly tested ... Careless use and disposal of these substances contaminate our food, water and air, and seriously threaten ... the ecosystem on which we depend. Haste makes waste Chemicals have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. We enjoy the convenience of such chemically derived products as plastics, detergents and aerosols and yet we are often unaware of the hidden price tag associated with them. Eventually they find their way into water and/or the ground via landfills, drains, or sewage sludge. It comes back to us ... Although consumers rarely make the connection between the everyday plastic products and packaging they buy and the growing problem of toxic pollution, many of the chemicals used in the production and processing of plastics are highly toxic ... In an EPA ranking of the 20 chemicals whose production generates the most total hazardous waste, five of the top six are chemicals commonly used by the plastics industry." Floating garbage "No one really knows how much plastic is fouling the oceans. But a recent report ... estimated that up to 350 million pounds of packaging and fishing gear alone may be lost or dumped by fishermen and sailors each year. Millions of pounds more may come from individuals, private boats and factories." The Wrong Package The burgeoning solid waste problem reflects a trend in lifestyles ... that emphasise shopping convenience, quick preparation and consumption, and easy disposal. Since 1960 the waste generated by packaging has increased more than 200%. A.2.3 Acid rain How do we get it? Sulphur and nitrogen oxides, pollutants released by coal-burning electric power plants or motor vehicles, are spewed into the atmosphere. There they are changed chemically ... and they fall back to Earth as acidified rain or snow. This destroys plant and animal life in streams, damages forests, and even erodes buildings. Highly charged argument Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is the primary component of acid rain in most regions, and electric utilities are responsible for approximately 65% of the total SO2 emissions. Therefore, large reductions in electric utility SO2 emissions (are necessary). Electric conservation is one way to achieve this. A.2.4 Vanishing wildlife Extinctions are accelerating world-wide. Our planet is now losing up to three species per day. That figure is predicted to be three species per hour in scarcely a decade. By the year 2000. 20% of all Earth's species could be lost forever. Nearly all of Africa's elephants will be gone in 20 years if the present killing rate continues. A.2.5 Saving energy and water, saving the earth " If you burn less oil, coal or wood, there will be less carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere, and global warming will be slowed down. " If less coal needs to be burned at an electric power plant, there will be less acid rain, less strip mining and less air pollution. " If less electricity is needed, there will be less nuclear waste, fewer uranium tailings left exposed at mines, fewer power plants built and irradiated, and less chance of future Chernobyls. " Less gasoline burned means less smog and greenhouse gases. " Less oil extracted from the earth means less disruption of wildlife for drilling, less offshore oil drilling, and less chance for disastrous oil spills. Don't go with the flow You could take a shower every day with the water you might waste by letting the tap run while you shave and brush your teeth. Background. Even if you don't do it, you probably know someone who leaves the water running while brushing his/her teeth, shaving or washing dishes. As water conservation goes, that's not just a drop in the bucket. A household might save up to 20,000 gallons of water each year by following these simple guidelines:. Did you know: " A running faucet (tap) probably uses more water than you think - as much as 3 - 5 gallons of water every minute it's on. " You can use up to 5 gallons of water - or more - if you leave the tap running while you brush your teeth. " Washing dishes with the tap running can use an average of 30 gallons of water. " If you shave with the water on, you use an estimated 5 - 10 gallons each time. " If you wash your car at home, using a hose, you can use up to 150 gallons of water. Simple things to do: Brushing your teeth: If you just wet and rinse your brush, you use only 1/2 gallon of water. Savings: up to 9 gallons each time you brush. Shaving: If you fill the basin, you use only 1 gallon of water. Savings: up to 9 gallons each time you shave. Washing dishes by hand: If you fill a basin, you use about 5 gallons of water. Savings: up to 25 gallons each time you wash dishes. Washing your car: If you wash it at a self-service car wash, you use 50 - 100 gallons. If you use a sponge, a bucket and a hose with a shut-off nozzle, you use 15 gallons. Savings in each case: Over 100 gallons. A.2.6 Light right The more electricity we use, for example, the more industrial emissions we generate, contributing heavily to the problems like the "greenhouse effect" and acid rain. There are several simple ways to "light right." The most obvious is conservation - diligently turning lights off when they are not in use. But a less obvious - and more effective - method is to choose and use your light bulbs with energy conservation in mind. A.2.7 Attention shoppers Simple things to do " Paper or plastic? Think twice before taking any bag if your purchase is small. If every shopper took just one less bag each month, we could save hundreds of millions of bags every year. " Even better, bring a cloth bag when you shop. " For grocery shopping, use string bags. They are easy to carry and fold up conveniently. A.2.8 Re-use old news Newspapers are probably the easiest material to recycle, since they lie around the house anyway. Recycling them is a simple way to get into the recycling habit. Save them " Don't throw newspapers out with the garbage anymore. " Sort them. Magazines, with their slick paper and coated covers, are not easily recyclable. " Stack them. The key to a personal recycling programme is to have a place in your home where the newspapers always go. A.2.9 Recycle glass " The energy saved from recycling one glass bottle could light a 60-watt bulb for four hours. " All glass bottles and jars can be recycled. But other types of glass, such as window panes, Pyrex and light bulbs, are made by different processes and can't be combined with the cullet from which glass containers are made. " Glass produced from recycled glass instead of raw material reduces related air pollution by 20%, water pollution by 50%. " Disposable or "throw away" bottles consume three times as much energy as reusable, returnable containers. " Because glass takes so long to decompose, the bottle you throw away today might still be littering the landscape in the year 3,000. A.2.10 Don't can your aluminium " If you throw an aluminium can out of your car window, it will still litter the Earth up to 500 years later. " If you throw away 2 aluminium cans, you waste more energy than is used daily by each of a billion human beings in poorer lands. " In 1988 alone, aluminium can recycling saved more than 11 billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to supply the residential electric needs of New York City for six months. " The energy saved from one recycled aluminium can will operate a television set for three hours. " Recycling aluminium cuts related air pollution by 95%. " Making aluminium from recycled aluminium uses 90% less energy than making aluminium from scratch. A.2.11 Help protect the rainforests Background: Some people consider the destruction of the world's rainforests the most frightening of all recent ecological developments, because it is something they can measure. The tropical rainforests, located in a narrow region near the equator of Africa, South and Central America, and Asia, are disappearing so fast that by the year 2000, 80% of them may be gone. A tropical rainforest is technically defined as a forest in the tropics which receives 4 to 8 metres of rain per year. Beyond that, it is nature's laboratory for all kinds of plant, animal and insect life. The world's tropical rainforests are critical links in the ecological chain of life that makes up the planet's biosphere. Did you know " Although rain forests make up only 2% of the earth's surface, over half the world's wild plant, animal and insect species live there. In a typical four-mile square patch of tropical rainforest you would find: over 750 species of trees, over 1500 different kinds of flowering plants, 125 different mammals, 400 kinds of birds, 100 reptiles, 60 amphibians and countless insects - including 150 types of butterflies. And only 1% of these species has ever been studied! " 80% of all Amazonian deforestation has taken place since 1980. " One in four pharmaceuticals comes from a plant in a tropical rainforest. About 70% of plants identified by the National Cancer Institute as being useful in cancer treatment are found only in rainforests; 1,400 rainforest plants are believed to offer cures for cancer. " One third of the world's remaining rainforests are in Amazonia. " Latin America and Southeast Asia have already lost 40% of their tropical rainforests. " Deforestation contributes to between 10 and 30% of world-wide CO2 emissions. In 1987, rainforest fires (one method of clearing) pumped about 518 million tons of carbon into the air, roughly 1/10 of the total world fossil fuel combustion for that year. What happens to rainforests " The world's rainforests are being depleted as a result of several developments: agriculture and population resettlement; beef cattle ranching; major power projects like dams, hydroelectric plants and the roads that go with them, and logging. " The soil in rainforests is not rich; only about a two-inch layer contains any nutrients. Most of a rainforest's nutrients are stored in the vegetation. When a rainforest is converted to, say, cattle grazing, the soil is grazed out within two years. The cattle operation must move on, but it leaves behind a desert. A.2.12 Plant a tree Background: Trees can, over time, remove large quantities of carbon dioxide (the main "greenhouse gas") from the atmosphere. This makes planting a tree an effective way to fight the greenhouse effect. And it is easier than you might think. Tree Talk " 10,000 years ago, before agriculture, more than 15 billion acres world-wide were covered by forest. Today barely 10 billion acres are forested. Between mid-century and 1990, the forested surface of the earth was reduced by roughly 25%. " The interdependence between trees and human and animal life could not be more fundamental: we require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (CO2); trees and other plants require CO2 and produce oxygen. Any significant loss in forested land directly affects the Earth's atmosphere for other forms of life. " By consuming CO2, trees mitigate the "greenhouse effect". It is estimated that each mature tree consumes, on average, about 13 lbs. of CO2 per year. " When trees in a forest die naturally or are responsibly harvested, the trees are replaced and there is no net loss of CO2 to the atmosphere. But when a forest is burned or clear-cut, much of the CO2 is lost and not recaptured. So on balance, the forests we lose (net loss) accounts for about 25% of global CO2 emissions. " By providing shade and evaporative cooling, trees also affect local temperature - again, urban trees even more than rural ones. Clusters of urban trees shading a home can cool ambient air temperature by 10%, reducing local energy demand (for air conditioning) by 10 to 50%. Moreover, the energy saved reduces global warming by about 15 times the amount of CO2 absorbed by those trees. Simple things to do " Consider talking with neighbours to see if you can begin a neighbourhood or community-wide planting effort. You will be surprised at how much "native intelligence" you can uncover. " Don't just stick a tree in the ground and ignore it. Like other growing plants, trees need a little care for the first two years - including water, vertical support and mulch. Results " Planting trees has a cumulative effect; each tree you plant will provide benefits for years to come. For example: If only 100,000 people each plant a tree this year, the trees will still be absorbing over a million pounds of CO2 annually in the year 2010. But if the same people plant a tree every year from now until 2010, the trees will absorb over 20 million pounds of CO2 in that year. A.2.13 Carpool to work If you are interested in cutting back your driving, you may have to take matters into your own hands. Thus far, the best solution is car-pooling. You can share a ride no matter where you live and work. Did you know " One-third of all private auto mileage is racked up commuting to and from work. " The average commuter car carries only 1-3 riders (passengers). " If each commuter car carried just one more person, we would save more than 600,000 gallons of gas a day and prevent more than 12 million pounds of carbon dioxide from polluting the atmosphere. In the Netherlands, for example, 80% of train commuters get to the station on a bicycle; in Denmark, about 30% of all trips are taken on bicycles; and Japan even has bicycle parking garages in urban areas. A.2.14 Eat low on the food chain Did you know " According to Diet for a New America, if Americans reduced their meat intake by just 10%, the savings in grains and soybeans could adequately feed 60 million people who starve to death, world-wide, each year. " To produce 1 lb. of beef, we need 16 lbs. of grain and soybeans, 2500 gallons of water, and the energy equivalent of one gallon of gasoline. " Believe it or not, cows may be contributing to the greenhouse effect. According to one estimate, the world's 1.3 billion cows annually produce nearly 100 million tons of methane, a powerful "greenhouse gas" which, molecule for molecule, traps 25 times as much solar heat as CO2. " 220 million acres of land in the US have been deforested for livestock production. 25 million acres (an area the size of Austria) in Brazil, and half the forests in Central America, have been cleared for beef production. " 20 pure vegetarians can be fed on the land needed to feed one person who eats meat. " Growing grains, vegetables and fruits uses less than 5% as much raw materials as does meat production. Simple things to do " The simplest thing - even if you are a confirmed meat-eater - is to cut down the amount of beef you eat. " Experiment with occasional vegetarian meals. You will be amazed at how much you can grow in even a tiny plot. Herbs, leafy greens, fruits and even corn can be grown quite handily in most urban settings. " Support local "farmer's markets". Locally-grown produce is typically fresher, cheaper, and less laden with pesticide residues than produce shipped long distance. A.3. PEACE AND NON-VIOLENCE A.3.1 A programme for peace education 1. Attitudinal changes and firm option for peace. Study "holistically", know relevant data; appreciate different points of view, meditate issues; peaceful thoughts; Karaniya Metta Sutta; be prepared to give some time for peace, while others are giving life in violent conflict. A supreme effort to save human lives and our country. Never give up however difficult, whatever the adverse effect; because ours is a spiritual conviction based also on the dignity of human life. Be not ashamed to be for peace. Be openly for a just peace; be clear, vocal, audible, visible....shirts, badges! 2. Form peace groups: for study action; preferably multi religious, multi ethnic, in neighbourhood, village, city, district, nation... network. Seek support of respected persons; alone, we can do little. 3. Meetings, seminars country wise; exchange views, strengthen one another in resolve. Spread peace message throughout country. Have clear idea of possible solutions. Be concrete, realistic. Evaluate. 4. Develop methodologies: role playing, drama. art, song, poetry, essays, posters, handbills; healthy competitions in speech, drama. Bodhi Pujjas, prayer, vigils, fasts. Share, Celebrate peace: e.g. Good Friday a triumph of peace, giving one's life non violently; Islam is peace, Mahatma Gandhi memorial, Martin Luther King; world peace, human rights days; peace liturgies. Social service: refugees, injured, prisoners, widows and orphans. 5. Take action in an ongoing way to create public opinion: at each stage in the drama of our own history. Every session must lead to some action. Action forms peace workers in experience and conviction. Types of action: letter writing to the press; to President, Opposition leader, MPs, political parties, local religious leaders, school principles; democracy is a process of educating our rulers. Hitherto they have failed us badly. Lobbying Petitions, signature campaigns, slogans, pledges, telephone links; Peace marches. 6. Media: Publications, articles, scrap books of individuals, groups, documents, leaflets, books, resource centres, data collection; cassettes, slide music presentations, videos. 7. Try to ensure own funds by sharing expenses and voluntary savings; e.g. give up smoking. Our peace work should not depend only on others. 8. Develop training program's for peace workers; peace education. 9. Internationalise peace movement: let others know we are for peace.. 10. Recognise realisations. There is much that we can be happy about; e.g. changes in mentality. The vast majority want peace. Bulletin: Social Justice, Sri Lanka A.3.2 Towards a culture of peace (cpp) New UNESCO Programme Promotes Non-violent Security The UNESCO Culture of Peace Programme is a dynamic peace-building initiative designed to counteract and transform the violence which currently has pervaded so many societies. Begun in 1993 and 1994 with post-conflict actions in El Salvador and Mozambique, the CPP addresses the deep roots of conflict through a long-term approach that promotes human rights, democracy and development. As phrased in the Constitution of UNESCO, "since wars begin in the minds of men (sic), it is in the minds of men (sic) that the defences of peace must be constructed." This means that in the place of enemy images, there must be inter-cultural understanding; instead of secrecy, the free flow of information; and instead of male domination, the full empowerment of women. The promotion of a culture of peace requires a wide range of actions at all levels, from the local to the global. Education is the key agent leading to a culture of peace, defined broadly to include formal and informal learning, in schools and in the family, through mass media and other social institutions. The UNESCO Culture of Peace Programme includes: " Associated Schools Project (ASP) which links over 3700 schools and teacher-training institutions in 129 countries. " National Programmes based on participation and traditional methods of problem-solving. These are being implemented in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Mozambique, Burundi, the Philippines and Rwanda, among others. " Independent, community radio in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Somalia, Haiti and Palestine, etc. where radio has been used to promote enemy images. " Declaration for a Culture of Peace signed by Central American military leaders on 27 June 1996, which supports democracy, human rights and sustainable development. " House for a Culture of Peace in Burundi, functions as a neutral space where Burundians can meet to share ideas. " Demobilisation of Soldiers programmes, training as peace promoters; UNESCO conference in Mozambique, in Dec. 1996. For more information on CPP projects contact national UNESCO offices; and/or the UNESCO Headquarters in Paris: 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP France; tel: +33 1 45 68 08 77; fax +33 1 47 83 68 67; email: cofpeace unesco.org UNESCO AWARDS FIRST MADANJET SINGH PRIZE to the Pro-femmes Twese Hamwe of Rwanda, an association of 32 women's groups that continually promotes peace and justice in their country. The UNESCO Singh Prize recognises organisations that promote tolerance and non-violence. Pro-femmes was chosen for "their outstanding contribution in rehabilitating families and communities devastated by mass violence." Under extremely difficult conditions, Pro-femmes launched their Action Campaign for Peace immediately after the April 1994 massacres in Rwanda. A.3.3 A vow of non-violence In our desire to act for disarmament, a step which seemed useful to us was: to make a vow of non-violence " This gesture involves an explicit rejection of violence and the desire for a limitless love. " It is a private vow, a personal commitment. " It is not received by any authority and does not carry any canonical obligation. " The vow can be made for a determined time, e.g. for a year. " It can be renewed periodically or become a commitment for life. " The vow of non violence should liberate a person and not make one feel guilty. It will not mean acquiring a non violent heart overnight, but journeying on from day to day. " This vow of non violence has a solid foundation in tradition; for centuries Christians have made it. "Blessed are the peacemakers: they shall be recognised as children of God.... You have heard how it was said, You will love your neighbour and hate your enemy. But I say this to you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven. " Mt 5:9, 43 45 "Recognising the violence in my own heart and confiding in God's goodness and mercy, I MAKE A VOW FOR ONE YEAR TO PRACTICE THE NONVIOLENCE OF CHRIST AS HE TAUGHT IT TO US IN THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT. Before God the Creator and the Spirit who sanctifies, I promise to witness by my life to the love of Christ and especially: " to live peace and be an artisan of peace in my daily life " to accept suffering rather than inflict it " to refuse to respond to provocation and violence " to persevere in non violence in words and in thoughts " to live conscientiously and simply in order not to wrong anyone " to work in a non violent manner to suppress causes of violence within me and in the world Lord, I place my trust in your fidelity and, since You have given me the desire and the grace to make this promise, give me the strength to accomplish it". Pax Christi A.3.4 Decalogue for a spirituality of nonviolence 1. To learn to recognise and respect "the sacred" ("that of God," as the Quakers say) in every person, including ourselves, and in every piece of Creation. The acts of the non-violent person help to free this Divine in the opponent from obscurity or captivity. 2. To accept oneself deeply, "who 1 am," with all my gifts and richness, with all my limitations, my errors, failings and weaknesses, and to realise that I am accepted by God. To live in the truth of ourselves, without excessive pride, with fewer delusions and false expectations. 3. To recognise that what I resent, and perhaps even detest, in another, comes from my difficulty in admitting that this same reality lives also in me. To recognise and begin to renounce my own violence, which becomes evident when I monitor my words, gestures, reactions. 4. To renounce dualism, the "we they" mentality (manicheanism). This divides us into "good people bad people" and allows us to demonize the adversary. It is the root of authoritarian and exclusive behaviour. It generates racism and makes possible conflicts and wars. 5. To face fear and to deal with it with love, not mainly with courage. 6. To understand and accept that the "New Creation," the building up of the "Beloved Community," is always carried forward with others. It is never a "solo act." This requires patience and the ability to pardon. 7. To see ourselves as a part of the whole creation to which we foster a relationship of love, not of mastery, remembering that the destruction of our planet is a profoundly spiritual problem, not simply a scientific or technological one. We are one. 8. To be ready to suffer, perhaps even with joy, if we believe that we will help liberate the Divine in others. This includes the acceptance of our place and moment in history with its trauma, with its ambiguities. 9. To be capable of celebration, of joy, when the presence of God has been accepted, and when it has not been, to help discover and recognise this fact. 10. To slow down, to be patient, planting the seeds of love and forgiveness in our own hearts and around us. Slowly we will grow in love, compassion and the capacity to forgive. by Rosemary Lynch, osf, Louis Vitale, ofm, Alain Richard, ofm, and Ken Katigan Pace e Bene Center, Las Vegas, Nevada [Revised August, 1995] A.3.5 Decide to be peaceful Decide to be peaceful Render others peaceful Be a model of peace Irradiate your peace Love passionately the peace of our beautiful planet. Pray and thank God everyday for peace Pray for the United Nations and all peacemakers. Pray for the leaders of nations who hold the peace of the world in their hands. Do not listen to the warmongers hate-seekers and power-seekers Dream always of a peaceful, warless, disarmed world. Think always of a peaceful world. Pray God to let our planet at long last become the Planet of Peace. And sing in unison with all humanity "Let there be peace on Earth And let it begin with me". Switch on and keep on, in yourself the peace buttons those marked love, serenity, happiness, truth, kindness, friendliness, understanding and tolerance. Robert Murray A.4. SUGGESTIONS FOR JPIC CO-ORDINATORS' ROLE A.4.1 Role of province co-ordinators: Vision-Mission-Goals of the Co-ordinators for JPIC We, the coordinators/animators of the SSpS Network for Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation, mandated by the 10th General Chapter, inspired by our missionary charism of which our commitment to JPIC is an integral part and a spirituality that sees the Trinity as a model for interpersonal relationships based on respect for the dignity of person - equal and unique - are convinced that JPIC is not the responsibility of the social workers alone, nor a task parallel to our missionary mandate, or simply a political involvement - but an important concern for all as individuals, communities and as a congregation. Therefore, we understand our role in these terms: Our Vision We see the sisters of our congregation - " IN TOUCH with the reality of life, globally and locally " LINKED with other individuals and/or groups inside and outside the congregation striving to work for Justice, Peace and the Integrity of Creation and " RESPONDING together creatively to issues affecting the dignity of persons, the liberation of oppressed groups and the promotion of women. Our Mission We commit ourselves to " Conscientize our sisters and the people we work with and for on the local, provincial/regional and continental levels about the realities of today's world and animate them to see JPIC as an integral part of our mission. " Communicate with each other, the SVD and other organisations to build an effective network of mutual support in study, analysis, reflection and action. " Cooperate in taking a concrete and clear stand regarding issues of Justice, Peace, the Integrity of Creation and the Defence of Human Life. Our Goals We commit ourselves to " Form and co-ordinate the provincial/regional JPIC team. " Establish contacts with those sisters in our provinces/regions who are directly involved with the poor and the marginalized in order to make their work better known and to encourage and support their efforts. " Further our own formation on issues of JPIC by broadening our knowledge of today's reality, the social teaching of the church, congregational documents relating to JPIC, principles of social analysis and a basic theological and a continental, national or provincial/regional level and the formation of networks with other resource persons and groups within or outside the congregation. " Establish links with the congregational communication net-work or the provincial social communication network as well as the AJSC Extended Team. " Get involved in the province/region with commissions and groups of various ministries like: education, health, social-pastoral work, spirituality, etc.. " Be the contact person for information which we receive from: Ï congregational JPIC co-ordinators at the generalate and continental levels Ï persons or groups working for JPIC in the province/region, especially the SVDs and other congregations Ï the National Conference of Religious Ï the JP Commission of the National Bishops Conference Ï publications available in the country Ï publications of the UN and different NGOs. This includes newspaper articles, books, audio and video cassettes that can be of interest to the various communities and groups in the province/region. " Work hand in hand with the provincial/regional administration since the task of co-ordinating JPIC activities has been delegated by the provincial/regional administration. This can be achieved by: Ï presenting an annual plan and budget for approval and the evaluation that includes the financial report Ï regular reports on activities Ï reports to provincial/regional chapters and/or assemblies when requested Ï an evaluation at the end of the three year term. (JPIC co-ordinators are appointed for 3 years by the provincial/regional administration. This can be renewed for a further 3 years.) " Be part of the different programs in on-going formation in the province/region, where this is possible. " Organize AND attend workshops on JPIC topics and participate in the continental or zonal assemblies of the JPIC Co-ordinators (normally every two years) or, when possible assemblies of social workers and sisters living in inserted communities. " Offer jpic workshops/seminars to those in formation, tertiaries and in our communities. " publish some kind of circular/bulletin to keep the communities informed about current issues and their relationship to our missionary commitment and spirituality. We can also suggest ways of integrating JPIC into our liturgical celebrations. " Involve the province/region in taking a corporate stand on JPIC issues on the local, national, continental or global level. " Endorse material and information to the next co-ordinator or team. Note: These main vision-mission-goals would need to be adapted by each province/region to the respective situation Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit SSpS A.4.2 Suggestions for a co-ordinator at Institute/General level: General Objectives: To Act for Justice and Peace as an integral part of Spiritan Apostalic Life. Specific Objectives: " To aid individual provinces to identify, research and act on specific justice initiatives within their jurisdictions. " To discern with and support "prophetic" Spiritan voices engaged in Justice and Peace. " To advise on Justice and Peace aspects of development efforts being undertaken by the Spiritan community. To Advance the Formation of Spiritans as Just and Peace-filled persons: " To aid the formulation of a faith understanding of Justice and Peace integral to our Spiritan vocation. " To design, adapt and use tools of social analysis and faith reflection for the justice needs of the congregation. " To advise on the incorporation of Justice and Peace perspective into the initial and on-going formation of Spiritans. " To use existing forms of communication in the congregation to inform and educate Spiritans relative to Justice and Peace matters. Spiritans The Role of the Co-ordinator: " To favour reflection and research in order to single out a certain "spirituality" with reference to the charism of the Institute and Franciscan values of peace, reconciliation, minority, non-violence, etc. " To establish a network of communication and information between the centre and the provinces - a contact person in each province - in order to gradually create a new impetus in this area. " Gathering documentation on: Ï the situations in the countries where we are; Ï the Church's point of view, priorities of Episcopal Conferences; Ï what is being done at the level of the provinces. " To participate from time to time in various appeals from provinces or elsewhere, and to help with reflection on their situation. Any commitment as a result would pass through the provincial council. " To contribute to formation by giving, for example, keys to reading for the study of the social encyclicals, guidelines for formation to Christian analysis of situations, etc. as the occasion presents itself. " To participate from time to time in meetings for Justice, Peace and Ecology on behalf of the Institute as required. Franciscan Missionaries of Mary It is the understanding of the International Commission of the Order on Justice and Peace .... that at the level of each circumscription: a) There should be a delegate (Animator/promoter) of Justice and Peace. b) That the circumscription should establish a Solidarity Fund for promoting Justice and Peace with a special view to the needs of the most poor. It is recommended that this Fund be 4 or 5% of the operating budget of the circumscription. c) That the circumscription have a concrete programme of Justice and Peace, which is to be evaluated by the Major Superior during visitation, including such areas as: Ï Initial and On-going Formation: " systemic presentation of the social sciences, " defence of human rights, particularly that of the family, to education and to conscientious objection to military service. Ï Review of pastoral ministry to assure that we are always attending those most in need, particularly the poor and excluded from the services of society. Ï Education: " teaching of the Social Doctrine of the Church; " preferential option of the poor in the lesson plan; " promotion of awareness and participation in projects for the poor. Ï Co-ordination with existing committees of Peace and Justice on a national or regional basis. Augustinians A.4.3 Proposed questions concerning JPIC for General Visitations 1. Who is the JPIC co-ordinator in the province? 2. How was the co-ordinator chosen? " What is her main apostolate? " What is her involvement in the different levels of formation in the province/region? " What is her relationship with the administration in the province/region? " What is her rapport with the sisters in the province? " How does she herself see her role as co-ordinator in the province/region? " What is her contact with the co-ordinators of the continent? " What is her contact with the co-ordinator at the generalate? " What is her contact with the Extended Team of the AJSC (Arnold Janssen Spirituality Centre)? " What is her contact with the SVD JPIC co-ordinator in the province/region or country? " What specific expectations and suggestions does she have to fulfil her task as well as she hopes to? 3. Which members in the province/region are involved in an apostolate or ministry that could be understood as a justice and peace ministry? 4. How does the provincial/regional administration see JPIC as an integral part of our mission " What do they consider the main social needs in the province/region? " How do they evaluate the apostolates according to the real needs in the country? " What opportunities do they offer the sisters in social apostolates and the JPIC co-ordinator with regards to on-going formation and training? 5. How do the members of the province/region see the social dimension of their mission in the country? " How do they see the role of the JPIC co-ordinator? " What is the level of conscientization among the members in the province/region on JPIC issues in the country? 6. How do you (after the visitation) assess the social needs and the possibilities for our SSpS involvement in the work for JPIC as integral part of our mission priority? Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit SSpS A.5. SUGGESTIONS FOR LITURGICAL CELEBRATIONS A.5.1 Based on a re-reading of the Beatitudes: LORD, HELP US . . . Lord, help us to be truly poor, by not seeking our glory, and by simplicity of life styles. Lord, help us to be gentle, meek and non-violent, in our way of life, and by promoting active non-violence. Lord, let us mourn to see evil on earth, and also work to alleviate this evil by our sincere concern for the suffering and oppressed in our country. Lord, help us to be merciful, by being actively compassionate towards those who are victims of violence and war, the refugees and displaced people. Lord, help us to be peacemakers, by being bridge-builders and instruments of peace, between persons, races, religions and cultures. Lord, help us to be just, by doing all in our power to promote right relationships, with God, with all persons, and with the rest of creation. A.5.2 Praying with the Beatitudes BLESSED ARE . . . Blessed are the poor ... not the penniless but those whose heart is free. Blessed are those who mourn ... not those who whimper but those who raise their voices. Blessed are the meek ... not the soft but those who are patient and tolerant. Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for justice ... not those who whine but those who struggle. Blessed are the merciful ... not those who forget but those who forgive. Blessed are those who are pure in heart ... not those who act like angels but those whose life is transparent. Blessed are the peacemakers ... not those who shun conflict but those who face it squarely. Blessed are those who are persecuted for justice ... not because they suffer but because they love. Author unknown A.5.3 I have seen Satan fall .... L: Let us name what is evil in our world, and in the name of Jesus proclaim its defeat. In a world where the rich are protected from understanding the lives of the poor, let us believe in the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall L: In a world where the demands of international debt are more important than the health of children, let us believe in the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall L: In a world where unjust laws and practices privilege white people over others, let us believe the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall L: In a world where women are silenced and exploited let us believe the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall L: In a world where the lives of ordinary workers are violated by the military, let us believe the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall L: In a world where the earth and its forests are plundered and destroyed let us believe the words of Jesus: ALL: I have seen Satan fall Let us pray, God of vision, we long to see your face and are afraid to see it; we long to break the grip of suffering, and we cannot cast it out. Uncover our faces and expose us to your glory, that we may comprehend the poor in their suffering and insight, and the world may be transformed in you. Amen. Janet Morley, Bread of Tomorrow A.5.4 Affirmation of Peace and Justice All " I believe in God, who is love and who has given the earth to all people. " I believe in Jesus Christ, who has come to heal us, and to free us from all forms of oppression. " I believe in the Spirit of God, who works in and through all who are turned towards the truth. " I believe in the communion of faith, which is called to be at the service of all people. " I believe in God's promise to finally destroy the power of sin in us all, and to establish the kingdom of justice and peace for all humankind. Side A: " I do not believe in the right of the strongest, nor the force of arms, nor the power of oppression. Side B: " I believe in human rights, in the solidarity of all people, in the power of non-violence. Side A: " I do not believe in racism, in the power that comes from wealth and privilege, or in any stablished order that enslaves. Side B: " I believe that all men and women are equally human, that order based on violence and injustice is not order. Side A: " I do not believe that war and hunger are inevitable and peace unattainable. Side B: " I believe in the beauty of simplicity, in love with open hands, in peace on earth. All " I do not believe that suffering is in vain, that death is the end, that the disfigurement of our world is what God intended. " But I dare to believe, always and in spite of everything, in God's power to transform and transfigure, fulfilling the promise of a new earth where justice and peace will flourish. From, With all God's people A.5.5 A creed for today " I celebrate the creative life-giving energy of the Divine Spirit: Ï Who from the beginning has moved over the Earth, shaping its development, guiding its history and renewing it as an unfailing source of life and energy. Ï Who breathes life into our spirits, touches our hearts and moves us to dance to its music. Ï Who works through human cultures and religions to give meaning to our lives. Ï Who infuses us with a prophetic spirit which calls us to challenge the powerful and to console the outcast and the downcast. Ï Who prays and dreams in the depths of the human spirit with sighs, hopes and symbols too deep for words. Ï Who labours and hopes in the heart of the Earth in expectation of a liberation and fulfilment beyond our richest dreams. " By the power of the Spirit. I recognise Jesus as the Human One who came in the fullness of time to be Emanuel, "God with us". " I am energised by his sharing of our journey, our exploration, our joys, our wonder, our pain and our oppression. " I am inspired by his call to follow him in choosing to be in solidarity with the vulnerable and the victimised. " I am empowered by him to be authentically human : Ï in reading the signs of the times Ï in discerning my own personal vocation Ï in trusting my friends and forgiving those who wound me Ï in challenging oppressive structures and those who abuse their power Ï in bringing liberty to captives and hope to those who are broken in spirit Ï in stretching our healing and life-giving human powers beyond their conventional limits Ï in accepting pain, hostility and rejection. " I am challenged by Him to face the darkness of death with a hope that stretches human hope beyond its limits. " I rejoice that he has unmasked evil which scapegoats innocent victims. " I see Him in the Suffering Servant who overcomes the power of evil by the energy of the love flowing from his heart into our hearts and our world " I proclaim Him as the one who has gone through death to bring us hope through the experience of a transformed life for ourselves and the Earth. " In union with Jesus and by the power of his Spirit I believe in the One whom Jesus called "Abba" his God who has become our God. " I rejoice to be part of the community of Christian believers, in communion with all who are touched by the Spirit and are called into communion with the living God. " I place my hope in and commit myself to, an all-embracing community of humankind, while respecting and honouring its rich diversity of culture, race, gender, gifts and limitations. " I experience myself also as part of the wider community of culture and as an integral and unique part of the physical universe which I recognise as a spiritual cosmos, quickened by his energy. " I look forward to a fulfilment which is personal, commune and global, and which is pure gift from God, a sharing in the divine life beyond all that I could ask or image. Excerpt from "Divine Energy" by Donal Dorr A.5.6 The "Our Father" of peace OUR everybody's, all those millions of people who inhabit the earth, no matter how old, of what colour or place of birth. FATHER who regards all persons as equal. WHO ART IN HEAVEN and on earth and in each person, in the humble and in those who suffer. HALLOWED BE THY NAME in peaceful hearts of men and women, children and the aged, here and there. THY KINGDOM COME, the kingdom of peace, of love, of justice, of truth, of freedom. THY WILL BE DONE always and among all nations and peoples; in heaven and on earth. May your plans for peace not be destroyed by the violent, by the tyrants. GIVE US OUR DAILY BREAD: may it be kneaded with PEACE, with love, and take away from us the bread of discord and hatred that feeds jealousy and division. GIVE IT TO US TODAY because tomorrow it may be too late. Missiles are being aimed and perhaps some one will shoot. FORGIVE US, not the way we are accustomed to forgiving but the way you forgive without resentment, without hidden spite. LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION of looking suspiciously at the other, of forgetting our needy brothers and sisters, of accumulating for ourselves what others may need, of living well at the cost of others. DELIVER US FROM THE EVIL that threatens us, from the selfishness of the powerful, from death caused by war and arms; because we are many, Father, who wish to live in PEACE and build PEACE for all. AMEN. A.5.7 God make me an instrument of your peace God make me an instrument of your peace Where there is hatred, let me sow love, Where there is injury, let me sow pardon, Where there is doubt, let me sow faith, Where there is despair, let me sow hope, Where there is darkness, let me sow light, and Where there is sadness, let me sow joy. Grant that I may not so much seek To be consoled as to console, To be understood as to understand, To be loved as to love, For it is in giving that we receive, It is in pardoning that we are pardoned, and it is in dying that we are born to eternal life. St. Francis of Assisi A.6. DAYS TO REMEMBER : FOR PRAYER AND ACTION January 1st World Peace Day 12th National Youth Day 27th Anti-Leprosy Day 30th Non-violence (Martyrs Day) February 11th International Day for the Sick March 8th International Women's Day 12th World Day for the Disabled 15th World Consumers Day 21st International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 22nd World Day for Water April 4th Anti-Child Prostitution Day 6th Chernobyl Day 7th World Health Day 22nd Earth Day 24th World Children's Day 27th No-Golf Day May 1st Workers Day/ Labour Day 3rd World Press Freedom Day 11th World Day of Social Communication 15th International Day of the Family 17th World Telecommunication Day 21st World Forest Day 31st World No-Tobacco Day June 5th World Environment Day 17th World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 20th Refugee Day 21st New year Andino 26th Anti-Drug Day July 11th World Population Day First Saturday : International Day of Cooperatives August 6th Hiroshima Day 9th Nagasaki Day 9th International Day of the World's Indigenous People September 8th International Literacy Day 11th World brotherhood Day 16th International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer Third Tuesday : International Day of Peace 27th World Tourism Day October 1st International Day of Older Persons 3rd World Habitat Day 9th World Post Day Second Wednesday : International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction 16th World Food Day 17th International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 24th United Nations Day 24th World Development Information Day 24-30th Disarmament Week November 3rd Justice Day 20th Africa Industrialization Day 20th Universal Children's Day 25th Against Exploitation Woman's Day 29th International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People December 1st World AIDS Day 2nd International Day of the Abolition of Slavery 3rd International Day of Disabled Persons 3rd Bhopal Day 5th International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development 10th Human Rights Day 29th International Day for Biological Diversity A.7. MEMBERSHIP LIST Promoters of Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (at Generalates in Rome 1997) Anso, Javier, S.M. Marianist Via Latina,22 / 00179 Rome Tel: 7047.5892 / 7799.56 / Fax: 7000.406 Ayele, Libanos, CMS Comboni Missionary Sisters Via Boccea 506 / 00166 Roma Tel: 6156.0273 / Fax: 6156.1963 Blondel, Monique, PSA Piccole Suore dell'Assunzione, Pz. San Francesco,3 00045 Genzano di Roma Tel: 9396171 Breslin, Irene, SU Sisters of St. Ursula Via dei Lentuli, 62 00175 Roma Tel: 7140.216 / Fax 761.2575 Brion, Edouard, SS.CC Cong. dei Sacri Cuori, Via Rivarona 85, 00166 Roma. Tel: 6641.5538 / Fax: 664.14173 Byrne, Moya, MFIC Missionary Franciscans of the Immaculate Conception Via Lorenzo Rocci, 64 00151 Roma Tel: 6574.2341 / Fax: 6536.581 Carroll, Patrick, OSM Ordine di San Marcello Piazza San Marcello, 5 00187 Roma Tel: 699 30234 / Fax: 679 2131 Casey, Archie, SX Missionari Saveriani, Viale Vaticano 40, 00165 Roma Tel: 393.75421 / Fax: 393.66571 Catteau, Benoît Marie, SUSC Poyatos, Carmen, SUSC Holy Union Sisters Via Aurelio Saffi, 28 00152 Roma Tel: 5810.378 / Fax: 5895.754 Cawood, Regina, Figlie di Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore, Via del Casale di S. Pio V, 37 00165 Roma Tel: 662.2027 / Fax: 662.8793 Celaschi, Nancy, SSF Int'l Federation of Franciscans CFITOR Pza. Risorgimento 14, Int. B9 00192 Roma, Italia Tel:/ Fax 3972.3521 E-Mail: 100557.3367 @compuserve.com Convent Fax: 6382.874 Cellana, Franco, IMC Istituto Missioni Consolata Viale Mura Aurelia 11 00165 Roma Tel: 6384.241 / Fax: 6382.879 Coppejans, Luke, M.Afr. Missionary of Africa (White Fathers) Via Aurelia, 269/C.P. 9078 00100 Roma Tel: 6323.14 / Fax: 6384.623 Corijn, Daniel, OMI Oblates of Mary Immaculate Via Aurelia 290/ C.P. 9061 00100 Roma-Aurelia Tel: 6370.251 / Fax:3937.5322 Czerny, Michael, SJ / Costa, Giacomo, SJ Society of Jesus Borgo S. Spirito 4, C.P. 6139,00195 Roma Prati Tel:6897.7395 / Fax:6879.283 Daun, Christel, SSpS Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit Via Cassia 645/ 00189 Roma Tel: 3326.0247 / Fax: 3325.2148 Davis, Barbara, RGS / Hughes, Catherine, RGS Sisters of the Good Shepherd Via San Rafaello Sardiello, 20 00165 Roma Tel:6641.8545 / Fax:6641.8864 de Preville, Marie-Jose, SMSM Missionary Sisters of the Society of Mary Via Cassia 1243/ 00189 Roma Tel:3036.7867 / Fax:3031.1273 Dunphy, Louise RNDM Our Lady of the Mission Via di Brevetta 628 00164 Roma Tel: 6615-8400/ 6615-8348 Fax: 6615-7365 Ewald, Hildegard, CDP Sisters of Divine Providence Viale della Mura Aurelie, 10 00165 Roma Tel: 636.641 / Fax: 6380.213 Fernando, Beatrice Salvatorian Sisters Villa Salvatur Mundi Vialle Mura Gianicolensi 67 00152 Roma Tel: 588.961 / Fax: 5889.6023/ 5895.634 Fernando, Rose, FMM Franciscan Missionaries of Mary Via Giusti, 12 00185 Roma Tel: 70453555 / Fax: 77207458 Giertikj, Celestine, OSF Felician Sisters Via del Casaletto 540 00151 Roma Tel: 653-0216 Handl, Matilda, OSB Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing Via dei Bevilacqua, 60 00163 Roma Tel:6641.9002 / Fax: 6641.1253 Hansen, Paul CssR Redemptorist Fathers Via Merulana 31/ C.P. 2458 00100 Roma Tel: 4949.01 / Fax 4466.012 Hinde, Mary, RSCJ Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Via Tarquinio Vipera, 16 00152 Roma Tel: 5823.0332 / Fax:5820.3896 Hofer, Marc, FSC De La Salle Brothers Via Aurelia 476/ C.P. 9099 00100 Roma Tel: 6621.591 Fax: 6638.821 Loran, Margaret, SHCJ Society of the Holy Child Jesus Via della Maglianella, 379 00166 Roma Tel: 6156.1902 / Fax: 6156.3394 Madigan, Breda/ Colette Florez, IJ Sisters of the Infant Jesus Via Girolamo Nisio 21/D 00135 Roma Tel: 3054.751 / Fax: 3054.808 Marilinga, Miriam, CSFN Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth Via Nazareth 400/00166 Roma Tel: 6240.929 / Fax:6241.295 Massengil, Peter Damian Francescan Conventuals Piazzetta S. Spagnoli,1 06081 Assisi (PG) Italia Tel: (075) 815.194 / Fax: (075) 815.197 Mbuka, Cyprien, CICM (Scheut) Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae Missionari Via S. Giovanni Eudes, 95 00163 Roma Tel: 6641.8901 / Fax: 6641.9184 Mendis, Josephine, HF Santa Famiglia di Bordeaux Via dei Casali Santovetti 58 00165 Roma Tel: 664.18.656 / Fax: 664.11.470 Miller, Marietta, OSF Franciscan Sisters of Penance and Christian Charity Via Cassia 870/ 00189 Roma Tel: 3325.821 / Fax 3325.2875 Mordeno, Betty, ICM Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Via di Villa Troili, 30 00163 Roma Tel: 8416.603 / Fax: 8542.307 Nithya, Sagayam, OFM,cap Curia Generalizia, cap Via Piemonte 70/00187 Roma Tel: 4620.1260 / Fax: 4828.267 O'Neill, Míceál, O'Carm Ordine dei Carmelitane Via Giovanni Lanza, 138 00184 Roma- Tel.: 46.20.18.1 / direct: 46.20.18.43 Fax: 46.20.18.47 O'Reilly, Kieran, SMA Society of African Missions, Via della Nocetta 111, 00164 Roma Tel: 661.6841 / Fax: 661.68490 Oudenrijn, Anne, MSOLA Gemme Marguerite, MSOLA Missionary Sisters of O.L. of Africa, Viale Trenta Aprile, 15, 00153 Roma Tel: 581.0059 Peeters, Thomas, CMM Missionari di Marianhill Via S. Giovanni Eudes, 91 00163 Roma Tel: 6641.1909 / Fax: 6641.4128 Pereira, Rose di Lima, RSHM Religious of the Sacred Heart of Mary Via Adelaide Ristori, 26 00197 Roma Tel: 8074.768 / Fax: 8076.461 Pérennés, Jean Jacques, OP Domincan Fathers Piazza Pietro d'Iliria,1 00153 Roma Tel: 5794.206 / Fax: 5750.675 Poonthottam, Bernardina, UMI Ursulines of Mary Immaculate, Via Monte Senario 57, 00141 Roma Tel: / Fax: 871.91.467 Purcaro, Arthur OSA Augustinian Fathers Viale Paolo VI, 25/ 00193 Roma Tel:6800.61 / Fax: 6800.6299 Queally, Kevin, TOR Via dei Fori Imperiali, 1 00186 Roma Tel: 6792.800 Rogerson, Libby, IBVM Institute of the B.V.M. (Loreto) Viale Appio Claudio,10 00178 Roma Tel: 7183.320 / Fax: 7186.405 Ryan, Kathleen / Riley, Mary Sharon, RC Religious of the Cenacle Piazza Madonna del Cenacolo,15 00136 Roma Tel: 3542.0054 / Fax:3534.3800 Sanders, Klaus, Missionaries of the Sacred Heart, Via Asmara 11, 00199 Roma Tel: 8621.6236 / Fax:8621.5627 Schnieder, Mechthild, MSC Miss. Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, (Hiltrup) Via Martiri di Via Fani 22 01015 Sutri (Vt) Tel: 0761-608300 / Fax: 0761-608822 Sherry, Allen, FMS Marist Brothers Piazzale M. Champagnat,2 00144 Rome C.P. 10250 Tel: 5924.456 / Fax: 5413.808 Skinnader, John. SP Spiritans Clivo di Cinna, 195 00136 Roma Tel: 3534.7721 / Fax: 3545.0676 Stemnock, Bernie Marie, OSF School Sisters of St. Francis Via N. Piccolomini, 27 00175 Roma Tel: 637.4548 / Fax: 6382.874 Sumah, Rose, OLA Our Lady of Apostles Via Ghislieri, 15 00152 Roma Tel: 5343.877 / Fax: 5370.155 Todd, Richard, CMF Claretian Missionaries Via Sacro Cuore di Maria,